Study with our free AANP Practice Questions, Qbank Test 3. The questions include answers and detailed rationales. Nursing topics focus on diagnosis, diagnostic tests, critical thinking, priorities of care, safe and effective care, treatments, and AANP clinical management. Achieve your highest score on the AANP Exam! Review cardiovascular disorders, hypertension, antihypertensives, peripheral artery disease, venous insufficiency and disorders.
A 65-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension and angina presents with worsening chest pain. His current medications include a beta-blocker and aspirin. On examination, you note that he is in distress, with elevated blood pressure and heart rate. Which of the following medications should be administered immediately?
A) Nitroglycerin
B) Calcium channel blocker
C) Nitrates
D) Alpha-blocker
E) Potassium-sparing diuretic
Rationale: This patient is experiencing angina and is in distress, indicating possible unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Nitroglycerin is the medication of choice for immediate relief of angina symptoms. It works by dilating coronary arteries, increasing blood flow to the heart muscle, and reducing cardiac oxygen demand.
A 58-year-old female patient with a history of atrial fibrillation is prescribed an anticoagulant to prevent stroke. Which of the following medications is commonly used for this purpose?
A) Digoxin
B) Clopidogrel
C) Warfarin
D) Furosemide
E) Metoprolol
Rationale: Patients with atrial fibrillation are at an increased risk of stroke due to blood clots forming in the atria. Warfarin is a common anticoagulant used to prevent these clots from forming, reducing the risk of stroke.
A 45-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension is prescribed an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Which of the following is a common side effect associated with ACE inhibitors?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Bradycardia
D) Hypoglycemia
E) Photosensitivity
Rationale: ACE inhibitors are known to increase serum potassium levels, potentially leading to hyperkalemia. It is essential to monitor potassium levels regularly when patients are on ACE inhibitors, especially in those with renal dysfunction.
A 62-year-old male patient with a history of heart failure presents with edema and shortness of breath. His current medications include a loop diuretic. Which of the following is a common side effect of loop diuretics?
A) Hypertension
B) Hypercalcemia
C) Hypokalemia
D) Hypernatremia
E) Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Loop diuretics, such as furosemide, are known to cause excessive potassium loss, leading to hypokalemia. This electrolyte imbalance can have significant cardiac and metabolic effects, including arrhythmias.
A 50-year-old male patient with hypercholesterolemia is prescribed a statin medication. Statins primarily work by:
A) Increasing HDL cholesterol
B) Decreasing LDL cholesterol
C) Reducing triglycerides
D) Increasing total cholesterol
E) Reducing blood pressure
Rationale: Statin medications primarily work by reducing LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels in the blood. Lowering LDL cholesterol is a key strategy in preventing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events.
A 68-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension is prescribed an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). What is the primary mechanism of action of ARBs?
A) Blocking beta-adrenergic receptors
B) Increasing nitric oxide production
C) Inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
D) Blocking angiotensin II receptors
E) Increasing aldosterone production
Rationale: Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) work by blocking the angiotensin II receptors, preventing the vasoconstrictive and hypertensive effects of angiotensin II.
A 60-year-old male patient with a history of stable angina is prescribed a medication that reduces myocardial oxygen demand by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Which class of medications does this drug belong to?
A) Beta-blockers
B) Calcium channel blockers
C) Nitrates
D) Antiplatelet agents
E) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Rationale: Beta-blockers reduce myocardial oxygen demand by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. They are commonly used in the management of stable angina.
A 65-year-old female patient with a history of type 2 diabetes and hypertension is prescribed a medication that inhibits sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in the proximal renal tubules, resulting in increased glucose excretion in the urine. Which class of medications does this drug belong to?
A) Biguanides
B) Sulfonylureas
C) Thiazolidinediones
D) Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors
E) Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Rationale: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors work by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the renal tubules, leading to increased glucose excretion in the urine. They are used in the management of type 2 diabetes.
A 70-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension is prescribed a medication that reduces blood pressure by blocking the calcium channels in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. Which class of medications does this drug belong to?
A) Beta-blockers
B) Calcium channel blockers
C) Nitrates
D) Diuretics
E) Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
Rationale: Calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure by blocking calcium channels in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, leading to vasodilation and decreased cardiac contractility. They are commonly used in the treatment of hypertension.
A 62-year-old male patient with a long history of hypertension presents to the clinic with complaints of severe headache, visual disturbances, and epistaxis (nosebleeds). He also reports feeling dizzy and fatigued. On examination, his blood pressure is significantly elevated (190/110 mm Hg). Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Hypertensive nephropathy
E) Hypertensive encephalopathy
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with severe headache, visual disturbances, epistaxis, dizziness, and significantly elevated blood pressure is suggestive of hypertensive encephalopathy, a severe complication of hypertension. It can lead to cerebral edema, seizures, and altered mental status, requiring urgent blood pressure control.
A 55-year-old female patient with a history of poorly controlled hypertension complains of chest pain radiating to her back. She also experiences difficulty swallowing and hoarseness. On examination, you note a difference in blood pressure between the arms and a diastolic murmur. Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Hypertensive nephropathy
E) Hypertensive encephalopathy
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with chest pain radiating to the back, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, a difference in blood pressure between the arms, and a diastolic murmur is suggestive of an aortic dissection, a life-threatening complication of hypertension.
A 40-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension presents with acute kidney injury, peripheral edema, and foamy urine. On examination, you note elevated blood pressure and evidence of fluid overload. Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Hypertensive nephropathy
E) Hypertensive encephalopathy
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with acute kidney injury, peripheral edema, foamy urine, elevated blood pressure, and fluid overload suggests hypertensive nephropathy, a complication of long-standing hypertension that can lead to renal dysfunction.
A 58-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension presents with sudden-onset chest pain and difficulty breathing. On examination, you note distant heart sounds and a widened mediastinum on chest X-ray. Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Hypertensive nephropathy
E) Hypertensive encephalopathy
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with sudden-onset chest pain, distant heart sounds, and a widened mediastinum on chest X-ray is highly indicative of an aortic dissection, which is a critical complication of hypertension.
A 65-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents with a headache, visual disturbances, and altered mental status. On examination, you note papilledema on fundoscopic examination and elevated blood pressure. Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Hypertensive nephropathy
E) Hypertensive encephalopathy
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with headache, visual disturbances, altered mental status, papilledema on fundoscopic examination, and elevated blood pressure is consistent with hypertensive retinopathy, a complication that affects the retinal blood vessels.
A 50-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension and smoking presents with sudden-onset shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. On examination, you note decreased breath sounds on one side of the chest. Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Hypertensive nephropathy
E) Pulmonary embolism
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with sudden-onset shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and decreased breath sounds on one side of the chest is suggestive of a pulmonary embolism, which can be associated with hypertension.
A 45-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension presents with acute chest pain, diaphoresis, and left arm pain. On examination, you note ST-segment elevation on the ECG in multiple leads. Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Hypertensive nephropathy
E) Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with acute chest pain, diaphoresis, left arm pain, and ST-segment elevation on the ECG is highly indicative of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which can occur as a complication of hypertension.
A 68-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension and obesity presents with swelling in his lower legs, especially in the evening. On examination, you note pitting edema. Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Heart failure
E) Hypertensive encephalopathy
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with lower leg swelling, especially in the evening, and pitting edema suggests heart failure, a common complication of long-standing hypertension.
A 60-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension and tobacco use presents with sudden-onset confusion, left-sided weakness, and difficulty speaking. On examination, you note right-sided facial droop and right hemiparesis. Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Ischemic stroke
E) Hypertensive encephalopathy
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with sudden-onset confusion, left-sided weakness, difficulty speaking, right-sided facial droop, and right hemiparesis is indicative of an ischemic stroke, which can be a complication of hypertension.
A 65-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension presents with shortness of breath, cough, and bilateral leg swelling. On examination, you note jugular venous distention and crackles in both lung bases. Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Hypertensive nephropathy
E) Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with shortness of breath, cough, bilateral leg swelling, jugular venous distention, and lung crackles is indicative of congestive heart failure (CHF), a common complication of hypertension that can lead to fluid overload.
A 62-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension presents with sudden-onset severe headache, neck pain, and a dilated, non-reactive pupil in one eye. On examination, you note a difference in blood pressure between the arms and a pulsatile mass in the neck. Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Carotid artery dissection
E) Hypertensive encephalopathy
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with a severe headache, neck pain, a dilated non-reactive pupil, a difference in blood pressure between the arms, and a pulsatile mass in the neck suggests carotid artery dissection, which can occur as a complication of hypertension.
A 50-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension presents with epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. On examination, you note elevated blood pressure and epigastric tenderness. Which of the following complications of hypertension is most likely occurring in this patient?
A) Hypertensive crisis
B) Aortic dissection
C) Hypertensive retinopathy
D) Hypertensive nephropathy
E) Hypertensive gastropathy
Rationale: This patient’s presentation with epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, elevated blood pressure, and epigastric tenderness is suggestive of hypertensive gastropathy, a complication that can lead to gastric mucosal damage.
